【科普帖】主流鹰隼的身型特征以及分布状态简介（含原文书附件）

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楼主，你好！你在国外生活，你的英文水平一定非常高，非常了得！我是一个苍鹰迷，但是国内的资料介绍苍鹰的非常少，想看看国外的，但是苦于英文水平几乎是0，这是一篇维基百科英文版上介绍苍鹰的，能不能麻烦您帮助翻译一下，真是不胜感激！-------The Northern Goshawk is the largest member of the genus Accipiter.[3] It is a raptor with short, broad wings and a long tail, both adaptations to manoeuvring through trees in the forests it lives and nests in. Across most of the species's range, it is blue-grey above and barred grey or white below, but Asian subspecies in particular range from nearly white overall to nearly black above. Juveniles and adults have a barred tail, with dark brown or black barring. Adults always have a white eye stripe. In North America, juveniles have pale-yellow eyes, and adults develop dark red eyes usually after their second year, although nutrition and genetics may affect eye color as well. In Europe and Asia, juveniles also have pale-yellow eyes, however adults develop orange-colored eyes. The Northern Goshawk, like all accipiters, exhibits sexual dimorphism, where females are significantly larger than males. Males, being the smaller sex by around 10–25%, are 46–57 cm (18–22 in) long and have a 89–105 cm (35–41 in) wingspan.[4][5] The female is much larger, 58–69 cm (23–27 in) long with a 108–127 cm (43–50 in) wingspan.[4][5] Males average around 780 g (1.7 lb), with a range of 500 to 1,200 g (1.1 to 2.6 lb).[4] The female can be more than twice as heavy, averaging 1,220 g (2.7 lb) with a range of 820 to 2,200 g (1.8 to 4.9 lb).[4] Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 28.6–39 cm (11.3–15 in), the tail is 20–28 cm (7.9–11 in), the culmen is 2–2.6 cm (0.79–1.0 in) and the tarsus is 6.8–9 cm (2.7–3.5 in).[6][7][4] In Eurasia, the species follows Bergmann's rule, specimens from the northern races generally are larger-bodied than goshawks near the southern reaches of the species range.[4] Going on wing chord length, A. g. apache, found in Mexico to Arizona and New Mexico is the largest subspecies at an average of 36.8 cm (14.5 in) and is larger than more Northern subspecies in that continent, thus running contrary to Bergmann's rule. A. g. fujiyamae of Japan is the smallest race, at 30.9 cm (12.2 in) in wing chord length.[4] The juvenile is brown above and barred brown below. The flight is a characteristic "flap flap, glide", but is sometimes seen soaring in migration, and is capable of considerable, sustained, horizontal speed in pursuit of prey with speeds of 38 mph (61 km/h) reported.[8] Goshawks are sometimes confused with gyrfalcons especially when observed in high speed pursuit, with their wingtips drawn backward in a falcon-like profile.
In Eurasia, the male is sometimes confused with a female Sparrowhawk, but is larger, much bulkier and has relatively longer wings. In North America, juveniles are sometimes confused with the smaller Cooper's Hawk, however the juvenile goshawk displays a heavier, vertical streaking pattern on their chest and abdomen and sometimes appears to have a shorter tail due to its much larger and broader body. Although there appears to be a size overlap between small male goshawks and large female Cooper's Hawks, morphometric measurements (wing and tail length) of both species demonstrate no such overlap, although weight overlap can occur due to variation in seasonal condition and food intake at time of weighing. In North America, the Sharp-shinned Hawk is markedly smaller.
[edit] Habitat
Northern Goshawks can be found in both deciduous and coniferous forests. They seem to only thrive in areas with mature, old-growth woods and are typically found where human activity is relatively low. During nesting season, they favor tall trees with intermediate canopy coverage and small openings below for hunting. They can be found at almost any altitude, but are typically found at high elevations recently due to a paucity of extensive forests remaining in lowlands across much of its range. In winter months, the Northernmost populations move down to warmer forests with lower elevations, continuing to avoid detection except while migrating. A majority of goshawks around the world remain sedentary throughout the year.
[edit] Food and hunting
This species hunts birds and mammals in a variety of woodland habitats, often utilizing a combination of speed and obstructing cover to ambush birds and mammals. Goshawks are often seen flying along adjoining habitat types, such as the edge of a forest and meadow; flying low and fast hoping to surprise unsuspecting prey. They are usually opportunistic predators, as are most birds of prey. The most important prey species are small mammals and birds found in forest habitats, in North America, this is comprimised largely by grouse, American Crow, snowshoe hare, and red squirrel. Compared to many smaller Accipiter species, Northern Goshawks are less specialized as predators of birds, with up to 69% of their diet comprised by either birds or mammals depending on location.[9][10][11] Prey species may be quite diverse, including pigeons and doves, pheasants, partridges, grouse, gulls, assorted waders, woodpeckers, corvids, waterfowl (mostly tree-nesting varieties such as the Aythya genus[9]) and various passerines depending on the region. Mammal prey may include rabbits, hares, tree squirrels, ground squirrels, chipmunks, rats, voles, mice, weasels and shrews. Prey is often smaller than the hunting hawk, with an average prey mass of 275 g (9.7 oz) in one study of nesting birds in Minnesota.[9] In the Netherlands, male prey averaged 277 g (9.8 oz) whereas female prey averaged 505 g (17.8 oz).[4] However, Northern Goshawks will also occasionally kill much larger animals, up to the size of geese, raccoons, foxes and large hares, any of which can be more than twice their own weight.[12][4] The Goshawk is likely a significant predator of other raptors, known prey including European Honey Buzzards, owls, smaller Accipiters and the American Kestrel.[13][4]
Northern goshawks sometimes cache prey on tree branches or wedged in a crotch between branches for up to 32 hours. This is done primarily during the nestling stage.
[edit] Behavior
In the spring breeding season, Northern Goshawks perform a spectacular "undulating flight display", and this is one of the best times to see this secretive forest bird. At this time, the surprisingly gull-like call of this bird is sometimes heard. Adults defend their territories fiercely from intruders, including passing humans. It is presumed that their unusually aggressive nest defense is an adaptation to tree-climbing bears species, such as the black bear in North America. Additional predators at the nest may include formidable species such as fishers, wolves, eagles and Great Horned and Eurasian Eagle Owls. Goshawks are most under threat from hatching until their fledgling stage, and are rarely threatened outside their own species once they attain adulthood. Other raptor species are attacked at nest sites, over competition for food and in territorial behavior and many are regularly displaced or even killed by the aggressive goshawk.[4] The Northern Goshawk is considered a secretive raptor, and is rarely observed even in areas where nesting sites are common.
[edit] Breeding
Adults return to their nesting territories by March or April and begin laying eggs in April or May. Territories often encompass a variety of habitats, however the immediate nest area is often found in a mature or old-growth forest. The clutch size is usually 2 to 4, but anywhere from 1 to 5 eggs may be laid. The female is the primary incubator, although the male will sometimes take a shift to give the female a chance to eat. The male does most of the hunting for both the female and the young at the nest. The eggs average 59 × 45 mm (2.3 × 1.8 in) and weigh about 60 g (2.1 oz). The incubation period can range from 28 to 38 days. The young leave the nest after about 35 days and start trying to fly another 10 days later. The young may remain in their parents' territory for up to a year of age, at which point sexual maturity is reached.
[edit] Status
In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the Northern Goshawk was extirpated in the 19th century because of specimen collectors and persecution by gamekeepers, but in recent years it has come back by immigration from Europe, escaped falconry birds[citation needed], and deliberate releases[citation needed]. The Goshawk is now found in considerable numbers in Kielder Forest, Northumberland, which is the largest forest in Britain. The main threat to Northern Goshawks internationally today is the clearing of forest habitat on which both they and their prey depend, and in Britain illegal shooting and poisoning for game preservation when young dispersing move into farming areas.
In North America, several non-governmental conservation organizations petitioned the Department of Interior, United States Fish & Wildlife Service (1991 & 1997) to list the Goshawk as "threatened" or "endangered" under the authority of the Endangered Species Act. Both petitions argued for listing primarily on the basis of historic and ongoing nesting habitat loss, specifically the loss of old-growth and mature forest stands throughout the goshawk's known range. In both petitions, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service concluded that listing was not warranted, but state and federal natural resource agencies responded during the petition process with standardized and long-term goshawk inventory and monitoring efforts, especially throughout U.S. Forest Service lands in the Western U.S. The United States Forest Service (US Dept of Agriculture) has listed the goshawk as a "sensitive species", while it also benefits from various protection at the state level. In North America, the goshawk is federally protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 by an amendment incorporating native birds of prey into the Act in 1972. The Northern Goshawk is also listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) .[14]
[edit] In falconry

A falconer's bird in ScotlandThe name "goshawk" is a traditional name from Anglo-Saxon gōshafoc, literally "goose hawk".[15] The name implies prowess against larger quarry such as geese, but were also flown against crane species and other large waterbirds. The name "goose hawk" is somewhat of a misnomer however, as the traditional quarry for goshawks in ancient and contemporary falconry has been rabbits, pheasants, partridge, and medium sized waterfowl. A notable exception is in records of traditional Japanese falconry, where goshawks were used more regularly on goose and crane species.[16] In ancient European falconry literature, goshawks were often referred to as a yeoman's bird or the "cook's bird" due to their utility as a hunting partner as opposed to the peregrine falcon, also a prized falconry bird, but more associated with nobleman and less adapted to a variety of hunting techniques and prey types found in wooded areas. The Northern Goshawk has remained equal to the peregrine falcon in its stature and popularity in modern falconry.[17]
Goshawk hunting flights in falconry typically begin from the falconer's gloved hand, where the fleeing bird or rabbit is pursued in a horizontal chase. The goshawk's flight in pursuit of prey is characterized by an intense burst of speed often followed by a binding maneuver, where the goshawk seizes its prey in an inverted position below its winged quarry. The goshawk, like other accipiters, shows a marked willingness to follow prey into thick vegetation, even pursuing prey on foot through brush.[17]
[edit] References


补充内容 (2012-9-13 12:46):
A.克。 gentilis：欧洲中部和北部，南到比利牛斯山脉，阿尔卑斯山和喀尔巴阡山脉南部，东部，俄罗斯中部
A.克。 marginatus：南到西班牙和摩洛哥，到高加索和all'Elburz的，有点'比gentilis体积更小，更暗。
A.克。 arrigonii：科西嘉岛和撒丁岛较暗的仍很少，而A.克。 marginatus
A.克。 buteoides：从瑞典北部的科拉半岛的西西伯利亚中部，直到谈莉娜，南到大雅区的边缘，更大，更明亮比gentilis特别是在西装的青年。
A.克。 albidus：西西伯利亚中部，堪察加半岛，甚至大于A.克。 buteoides，一个羽毛更大，更白。
A.克。南schvedowi：“A。克。 buteoides A.“克。 albidus在该地区的草原和森林矮林温带东亚到北海道，颜色和大小，为A克。 marginatus。
A.克。 fujiyamae：主岛本州，很暗，绝对最小的亚种
A.克。 atricapillus：北美，最上方的蓝色，灰色，对比模型的头
A.克。 laingi温哥华，在加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的海岸外，在较暗的夏洛特皇后群岛。克。 atricapillus
A.克。阿帕奇：山区环境中，更清楚墨西哥/美国边境地区的。克。 atricapillus
营养[编辑]

补充内容 (2012-9-13 12:47):
* A.克。 gentilis：欧洲中部和北部，南到比利牛斯山脉，阿尔卑斯山和喀尔巴阡山脉南部，东部，俄罗斯中部
* A.克。 marginatus：南到西班牙和摩洛哥，到高加索和all'Elburz的UNPO的体积更小，暗比gentilis。
* A.克。 arrigonii：科西嘉岛和撒丁岛，更暗，有点'A.克。 marginatus
* A.克。 buteoides：从瑞典北部的科拉半岛的西西伯利亚中部，直到谈莉娜，南到大雅区的边缘，更大，更明亮比gentilis特别是在西装的青年。
* A.克。 albidus：西西伯利亚中部，堪察加半岛，甚至大于A.克。 buteoides，一个羽毛更大，更白。
* A.克。南schvedowi：“A。克。 buteoides A.“克。 albidus在该地区的草原和森林矮林温带东亚到北海道，颜色和大小大约为'A.克。 marginatus。
* A.克。 fujiyamae：主岛本州，很暗，绝对最小的亚种
* A.克。 atricapillus：北美，最上方的蓝色，灰色，对比模型的头
* A.克。 laingi温哥华和夏洛特皇后群岛外海，加拿大的不列颠哥伦比亚省，颜色越深的'A.克。 atricapillus
* A.克。阿帕奇：墨西哥/美国边境地区的山区环境中，更清晰的'A.克。 atricapillus

在paleoartico，根据伯格曼1的规则可以观察到增加的重量和尺寸dell'Astore显着，从西南向东北。A.克。 gentilis：欧洲中部和北部，南到比利牛斯山脉，阿尔卑斯山和喀尔巴阡山脉南部，东部，俄罗斯中部
A.克。 marginatus：南到西班牙和摩洛哥，到高加索和all'Elburz的，有点'比gentilis体积更小，更暗。
A.克。 arrigonii：科西嘉岛和撒丁岛较暗的仍很少，而A.克。 marginatus
A.克。 buteoides：从瑞典北部的科拉半岛的西西伯利亚中部，直到谈莉娜，南到大雅区的边缘，更大，更明亮比gentilis特别是在西装的青年。
A.克。 albidus：西西伯利亚中部，堪察加半岛，甚至大于A.克。 buteoides，一个羽毛更大，更白。
A.克。南schvedowi：“A。克。 buteoides A.“克。 albidus在该地区的草原和森林矮林温带东亚到北海道，颜色和大小，为A克。 marginatus。
A.克。 fujiyamae：主岛本州，很暗，绝对最小的亚种
A.克。 atricapillus：北美，最上方的蓝色，灰色，对比模型的头
A.克。 laingi温哥华，在加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的海岸外，在较暗的夏洛特皇后群岛。克。 atricapillus
A.克。阿帕奇：山区环境中，更清楚墨西哥/美国边境地区的。克。 atricapillus
营养[编辑]

补充内容 (2012-9-14 20:23):
http://flemishfalcons.com/en/goshawks.html

补充内容 (2012-9-15 15:49):
紫煌鹰------http://s.taobao.com/search?q=%D3 ... d=tbindexz_20120915

补充内容 (2012-9-16 00:17):
西班牙苍-----http://www.fotodigiscoping.info/ ... dfa73882a5d729950d0

补充内容 (2012-9-16 00:36):
西苍2----http://www.fotonatura.org/galerias/fotos/156491/                http://documentalesnaturaleza.com/         http://www.fotonatura.org/galerias/fotos/139266/lightbox/
毛豆--http://autos.cn.yah

补充内容 (2012-9-16 00:54):
翻墙 方法   http://wenwen.soso.com/z/q344855342.htm

补充内容 (2012-9-16 17:47):
李佳妮---http://lcd.yesky.com/10/11205510_5.shtml   

补充内容 (2012-9-16 18:02):
苍图库1----http://www.zhonghuaying.com/thread-25320-1-6.html   

补充内容 (2012-9-17 00:00):
阿拉斯加苍 http://s3.99daili.com/browse.php ... ZTMuanBnJmltZ3JlZnV

补充内容 (2012-9-17 23:32):
菜-----http://www.ttmeishi.com/s/CaiPu-YuanLiao/1054/2.htm

补充内容 (2012-9-18 18:25):
苍--http://www.falconry.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/hawks-and-hawking.html   http://www.masterfile.com/stock- ... 3/Northern-Goshawk-(Accipiter-gentilis)-Vechta-Germany    http://www.europeanraptors.org/raptors/northern_goshawk.html

补充内容 (2012-9-18 21:55):
Finnish Goshawk   


补充内容 (2012-9-19 11:26):
http://www.zhonghuaying.com/thread-21562-9-1.html

补充内容 (2012-9-19 23:24):
神奈川県の野鳥：鳩食うオオタカ成鳥(2012-02-10_093321(1).m2ts         

补充内容 (2012-9-20 22:52):
鹰论坛---http://www.zhonghuaying.com/thread-19343-6-1.html

补充内容 (2012-9-21 00:46):
兔鹰--http://www.zhonghuaying.com/thread-1848-5-1.html

补充内容 (2012-9-21 11:38):
热成像----http://www.cnliequan.com/forum.p ... p;extra=&page=1

补充内容 (2012-9-21 13:27):
http://www.irs.cn/

苍飞大地

本来是不回帖的，太好了不得不回了

神隼海东青

楼主辛苦了，学习了

神隼海东青

紫色流萤 发表于 2012-4-14 07:00
5. Northern goshawk 苍鹰。在鹰科（accipitridae）中属于中型偏大，鹰属（accipiter）中属于最大的。平均身 ...

请问凤头鹰是不是属于苍鹰的一种啊？

frizi

fulgentpig

学习了学习了！

wangjianhao

【流萤】说实话你别生气，你现在的头像真没有以前的头像好看，再说以前的头像已经印在我们脑子里了，换掉感觉有点陌生了。没有了代表性了

a18943791008

真好

阳隼

学习了，谢谢

继承beyond：sol