[转帖]猛禽紧急救治的进食、处理及分类简述（英文原文）

烟斗男爵

猛禽紧急救治的进食、处理及分类简述
(http://www.themodernapprentice.com)

Emergency Feeding
Every falconer should have an emergency feeding recipe on hand in case of emergencies. If a bird is sick, has fallen to too low of weight, has been injured, or for any other reason needs nutrition and is unable to get that from standard food, an emergency nutritional recipe should be made up for her.
Mix up equal parts of:

• Meat flavored baby food - or finely chopped meat or pureed meat (richer meat is better, include some fat, but include no bones, fur, or feathers - quail is easily digested by a sick bird; pigeon is very rich but may be too much for a starved bird)
• Karo syrup - this sugar can be digested by the body and absorbed with almost no effort. If you have no Karo on hand, Nutri-Cal can be used as can honey or Coke that has been boiled and cooled to remove carbonation. If the bird is extremely low, cut this back to only a very small amount as excess sugars will cause diarrhea and dehydration.
• Pedialyte - Lactated Ringer's solution is preferred, but not readily available. Gatorade can be used, but is a bit harsher on the bird's system.
• An egg yolk or two - highly nutritious to the bird and readily available.
• Very small pinch of salt - helps retain fluids.
• 0.5 cc liquid vitamins - about 5% of the total amount of food you are making up
  

Warm the slurry to body temperature (test the temperature on your wrist and make sure it is neither warm nor cold).
With a small syringe (no needle inserted), or eyedropper, you can pump a few CCs into the bird's mouth and let her swallow it.
You can also dip tiny pieces of meat in the mixture and feed that to the bird. Some birds will eat this straight off the plate or your hand.
You can tube this into the crop, but only if you know how to do this, otherwise you can end up passing the tube down the trachea instead of into the crop and end up drowning the bird, or at the very least allowing a tiny amount to enter the lungs and causing pneumonia. If you tube the bird, do not add more food in if a bird has not put over a crop and do not overfill the crop. Keep in mind that a good rule of thumb for raptor stomachs is to estimate about 50 ml for every 1000g of body weight. A 900g bird would have about a 45ml capacity in her stomach, and a 700g bird would have about a 35ml capacity. Over feeding can cause aspiration which can lead to further infection, asphyxiation, or death. It is better to feed small amounts multiple times throughout a day, both for their stomach capacity and for their ability to metabolize. Birds that are strongly resisting may have a tube placed in the wrong place or it may not be delivering the material low enough in the tract.
For a Kestrel sized bird feed her 2-3 CC of this mix every 3-4 hours and keep her warm. If the bird is not kept warm she will stop digesting.
Another solution for an emergency feeding is to get Canned Eukanuba prescription cat/dog food. As it is thick, thin it with water, Pedialyte, lactated Ringer's solution, fresh pigeon blood, or even the water off of washed meat and tube into the bird. Hill's a/d Canned Prescription cat/dog food can also be used, but it has fewer calories.
If feeding pigeon to a sick, but not starved, bird, dip the pigeon tidbits into the above mixture leaving out the slurried meat. Soak the nutritional supplement mixture into the feathers and feed tiny bits of breast meat. Make sure to feed the guts to keep the gut flora going in your bird. Calf liver will also work well for a sick bird.
Nutrical contains a substantial amount of fat and is more difficult to break down, so for starved birds Nutrical should be avoided, and pancreatin should be considered as an additive to help the digestive process. Once the bird is past the starvation, the pancreatin can be omitted and more nutritional additives like Nutrical can be added.
Pedialyte is hypertonic and so will draw fluids into the bird's digestive tract. For severely dehydrated birds Pedialyte should be avoided until the bird is sufficiently hydrated to tolerate it.
Always keep an emaciated bird warm and hydrated. Consider B-complex vitamins and antibiotics if necessary. Also consider proboitics. Including about 1 TB of yogurt or kefir in 100 cc of fluid can help support the raptor's natural flora. Be aware that yogurt and antibiotic should not be fed within 2 hours of each other. Yogurt is particularly useful after any antibiotic to repopulate the gut bacteria.

Emergency First Aid
In any emergency, remain calm. Gently restrain your bird in a towel to examineit. Remember, it's extremely important to be careful when restraining the bird- don't put a lot of pressure on her chest or she may suffer breathingproblems.

Medicines	Topicals
Antacid preparation (TUMS)	Aloe Vera
Benadryl Allergy	Antiseptic towelettes or wash
Pepto-Bismol	Artificial tears
	Band-aids
	Cornstarch
	Neosporin Ointment
	Rubbing alcohol and alcohol swabs
	Tissue glue
	KY Jelly

Tools	Dressings	Other
Penlight	Cotton balls	Favorite food
Nail clippers	Gauze pads	Pedialyte (or generic equivalent)
Nail file	Hot/cold pack	Paper towels
Needle-nose pliers	Popsicle sticks or tongue depressors	Sterile water
Rubber gloves	Q-Tips	Squirt bottle filled with water
Scissors	Vet Wrap or Paper Tape	Water and cup
Stockinette or sock
Syringes
Towel
Tweezers
Wire cutters
Pill cutter and crusher

Pen-Suggested you write down a list of important phone numbers and tape them to thekit. Be sure to include your avian vet's phone number, emergency clinic phonenumber, animal poison control hotline number, contact number for a relative,and any other important numbers.

Extended Avian Kit - recommendationsBetadine or Hibitane (chlorhexidine)- A disinfectant. Do NOT use hydrogen peroxide since it can cause tissueinjury in birds. Clotisol - Blood clotting gel, whenapplied to a minor wound, feather follicle, bleeding talon or beak, willquickly and safely stop bleeding. It is safer and less caustic than clottingpowders or sticks, and may be applied with cotton-tipped applicators. Avoidgetting on mucus membranes (eye or lid, mouth or cloaca). Eye dropper Goo Gone - Used to cut through greaseor any substance that may be stuck to the bird's skin or feathers. Anotheroption is a chemical called Polysorbate80. This may be available at yourpharmacy. Either can be used with a soft toothbrush to spread into feathers andallow to sit for a few moments before rinsing out with warm water. Kaopectate Lactated Ringer's solution - Used forIV rehydrating of dehydrated avians and flushing wounds. Can give subcutaneousLacated Ringer's solution if a bird is dehydrated or in shock. (Available fromyour Veterinarian) Latex tubing - To be used asdirected by your avian veterinarian, to insert into the crop to administermedication, fluids, hand-feeding formula, to flush out a crop that won't empty,to flush cool water into a crop immediately after a crop burn is discovered. Ifyou are not familiar with these procedures, discuss them with your avian vetbefore you have an emergency so that you may learn the proper techniques. Neck brace - Gray foam in a circle, to beused to keep a bird from chewing feathers or mutilating flesh, cut to length toprevent a bird from bending neck down to bite skin or feathers, then tape, makesure bird can access food and water with neck brace in place. Ophthalmic ointment - For scratchedeyes, minor conjunctivitis. Povidone iodine swab - May be used toclean and treat a wound, as directed by your avian veterinarian. Tegaderm - Excellent for coveringcertain types of open wounds. Helps healing for burns and certain open wounds.Encourages granulation (healing/scabbing). Sterile lubricant - To be used asdirected by your vet to cover an open wound (to keep it moist and preventinfection). Sterile KY Jelly does an excellent job of this and can be tossedinto a first aid kit to cover an open fracture site or other open wound until aveterinarian can attend it. Sterile surgical blade - To be used asdirected by your avian vet, can cut fibers tied around toes, etc. Suturing materials (surgical needlesand thread) - Use only if you know what you are doing, or to save a bird'slife. Take to veterinarian ASAP.  Avian First Aid InstructionsDanger Signs and Emergencies
There are many problems which you should be prepared for. Any time a bird hasany of the following symptoms: stops eating, sits fluffed on the floor, isbleeding from mouth or vent, has uncontrollable bleeding, has runny eyes, can'tbreathe, sneezes with discharge, has diarrhea, has constipation (straining todefecate), has loss of balance, depression, or lethargy, take your bird tothe veterinarian. Birds do not have much clotting agent in their blood. A broken bloodfeather, or a minor cut, can be life threatening. The bleeding must be stopped.If bleeding does not stop, apply pressure and rush the bird to theveterinarian. In Emergencies
Keep an injured bird warm by transporting it on a heating pad, hot waterbottle, or make-shift water bottle that is a latex glove filled with hot water.Transport it in a carrier, box, or plastic box covered with a towel, tominimize visual stimuli and make sure the bird is secured and cannot escape. To safely transport your bird to the vet, remember these three things:

• Warmth
  
• Darkness
  
• Carrier
  

AIR SAC RUPTURE
Disinfect skin. Poke with sterile needle to allow air to escape. Repeat asnecessary. Air sacs are located inside the neck, chest and belly. Whenruptured, air will leak from the sac and accumulate under the bird's skin. Ifair is not released, the tear in the sac will enlarge. If there is noimprovement within 48 hours, it will require surgical repair or antibiotictherapy. ANOREXIA
Feed with a syringe only if you know what you are doing. BLEEDING
Avian blood has very little clotting agents in comparison to mammal blood. Abird can literally bleed to death from a broken blood feather. Cleanse the area gently with rubbing alcohol, Nolvasan or Betadine, but notwith hydrogen peroxide. Stop any serious bleeding with pressure and a sterilegauze, or use clotting gel. Apply cornstarch, baking soda, or flour to stop thebleeding, but not Quik Stop (silver nitrate) as it causes tissue damageand can cause poisoning. Pack styptic on liberally to the site of the wound. Ifnecessary, cover the wound with gauze pads and hold firm pressure on the woundfor two minutes. Keep the bird quiet and warm. Leave the gauze on. OfferPedialyte. If cut is on leg or feet, apply antibiotic ointment, then bandage loosely.If cuts are on the body, cover with gauze and appropriate size stocking, (cuthole in toe for head and slide over body). Bleeding in avians may be an emergency. It is important to recognize whichsituations can be managed at home and when veterinary care should be obtainedas soon as possible. Don't panic. Stay calm. Concentrate only on stopping the bleeding. Birdscan loose up to 10% of their blood volume without becoming symptomatic. When handling a bird to control bleeding, good restraint technique isimportant to ensure that the bird is not getting overheated. Holding the birdin a damp towel will help reduce the risk of heat stress. Failure of bleeding to stop with appropriate first aid measures mayindicate underlying liver disease. Transport the bird as soon as possible to aveterinarian. The bird may require treatment for shock. Have the phone numbers of your avian veterinarian as well as anafter-hours veterinarian readily available. For Clotrisol as a styptic: Moisten the applicator and apply firm pressureto the bleeding for several seconds to stop bleeding. Reapply if necessary.Serious bleeding or deep wounds should be cared for by your avian veterinarianonly. Until you can get to your vet, use a sterile dressing and apply directpressure to the bleeding area. If a beak or talon is split, or broken far back,if clotting gel does not stop bleeding, apply ice to the talon or beak, andtake the bird immediately to your avian veterinarian.  Bleeding from broken blood feathers
Apply cornstarch or flour to feather shaft and observe. Tissue glue, if available,may be used instead. Take care to avoid getting on surrounding feathers. Ifthis fails to stop bleeding, take bird to veterinarian. Pulling blood feathersshould not be done routinely because of risk of damage and prolonged bleedingfrom follicle, but may be required if feather is cracked or bent badly (birdmay chew feather and start bleeding again.)

If veterinary care is not readily available and bleeding is not controlled:
Grasp the bleeding feather shaft firmly at base of feather close to the skinwith hemostat or needle-nose pliers, holding wing firmly and pull shaft outquickly. If follicle bleeds apply pressure for 1 minute with thumb and indexfinger. If pressure fails to control bleeding from the follicle, applycornstarch or flour. Gelfoam (obtain from avian vet) may be used instead ofcornstarch or flour. In RARE situations, you may have to apply tissue glue overthe Gelfoam to control the bleeding from a follicle. If a feather is merelybroken off but not bleeding, do not pull the feather if at all possible.There's a significant likelihood that it will damage the feather follicle.  Bleeding from talons
Apply cornstarch or flour and apply pressure. Although Quik Stop may be used onthe beak or talons, a talon treated with Quik Stop could be used to scratch theface and silver nitrate is not a substance you want in the eyes. For thisreason, other substances are safer to use. If nothing else is available, applyPRESSURE until the bleeding stops.  Bleeding from beak
Apply pressure, cornstarch or flour. If available, apply Gelfoam and cover withtissue glue. Bird should be assessed by avian vet to determine extent of damage(most damage is not visible externally). If the tip of the beak has broken offdue to trauma, there may be cracks higher up. Stabilization of the beak with anacrylic may be helpful. Beak injuries may be painful. Provide a soft diet untilbird can eat normally.  Bleeding from the mouth
Serious emergency usually indicating internal injuries. Large blood losses canoccur quickly. Keep bird warm and quiet. Transport to veterinarian as soon aspossible.  Bleeding from the vent
Causes include egg-binding, polyp, ulcer. May see bloody diarrhea. Seriousemergency. Keep bird warm and quiet. Transport to veterinarian as soon aspossible. A bound egg may be loosened by dipping a finger in mineral oil andslipping into the cloaca to coat the cloaca and egg with oil. The egg mayrelease as you withdraw your finger. A bound egg may also be treated by havinga vet inject the bird with calcium. A bird that frequently gets bound eggs mayneed to be treated with Lupron.  BROKEN BONES
If there are obvious fractures, wrap the bird in a stocking to prevent thewings from flapping, or apply a splint to keep broken bones from causing moretissue damage. Look for shock symptoms. If bone ends are exposed, gentlyslather on some KY Jelly (or Neosporin if you have nothing else). KY Jelly iswater soluble and easily rinsed off, and may actually save the bone fromamputation.

Wings - cut toe out of appropriate size sticking allowing bird room toexpand chest while breathing. Place over bird with head through cut hole andcut opening for feet. Support the broken bone and do not attempt to straighten.

Toes - wrap gauze into ball. Put foot around ball. Wrap foot to gauzeball with gauze.

Call the vet and get there as soon as possible BROKEN FEATHERS
A broken feather will most likely require imping. While a bent feather can bedipped in luke-warm or warm water and on removing from the water will start tostraighten out, a broken feather is much more involved to fix. BROKEN TALON
Restrain bird, dab area with gauze, apply styptic (corn starch or soap bar arethe safest styptic materials). Observe to make sure bleeding has stopped. Ifthere is uncontrolled bleeding for more than a few minutes, call Vet.
If talon is split, or broken far back, if clotting gel does not stop bleeding,apply ice to the talon, and take the bird immediately to your avianveterinarian. A broken talon will grow back eventually. Some recommend coveringthe talon core with clear nail polish to help protect the core, which is verysensitive. Hawk should be held back from hunting until this heals. BROKEN BEAK
Restrain bird, dab area with gauze, apply styptic (corn starch or soap bar arethe safest styptic materials). Observe to make sure bleeding has stopped. Ifthere is uncontrolled bleeding for more than a few minutes, call Vet.
If the beak is split, or broken far back, if clotting gel does not stopbleeding, apply ice and take the bird immediately to your avian veterinarian.
A great case from rehabilitator Sharron Montgomery of the Falcon Batchelor Birdof Prey Center: I suspect she broke her beak from the constant tugging onthe bandages, weakening it slowly over time. She has been without them sincethe beak breakage and is doing well. [This shows] the progress after 2 months.It was really quite amazing how well she adapted. We only had to cut her foodfor a couple of weeks after [the after photo was taken]. A broken beak maybe treated with dental acrylic or methyl methacrylate (a substance use dinrepairing the hooves of horses) where more beak material is needed to be added,quick drying epoxy or quick drying superglue where the crack is moresuperficial, or treated like a ladies' manicure laying silk over the crack andapplying a quick drying superglue in order to reinforce the structure.

BURNS
Many creams and lotions are toxic to birds, so make sure that you use 100% pureAloe Vera or something known to be safe like Silvadene or Bactroban.
Spray or flush with cool water. Glaze burns twice daily with small amounts ofantibiotic ointment.
BURN BY ACID: apply a thin coat of baking soda paste.
BURN BY BASE (like bleach): treat with vinegar to neutralize.
BURN BY GREASE: sprinkle with flour or cornstarch before rinsing with water. Becareful not to get any in eyes or nose. BITES
Wash out with alcohol. If it is not deep, apply antibiotic ointment. Vet canadminister injectable ampicillin. Clavamox is particularly good for skinwounds.
Cats transmit a bacterium called pasteurella with their bites or scratches. Inbirds, this causes Pasteurella septicemia, which can mean death within 24 hoursif not treated. CHOKING
Sometimes birds' eyes are bigger than their crops or a small bone catches inthe throat. If the bird is able to get air, allow her to try to work it down.If bird is not able to get air through, grab bird and tip her upside down witha short jolt to attempt to dislodge the blockage. If you can reach inside thebeak and grab the food out, do so carefully. This is an urgent and very seriousproblem and even wild birds have suffered from this. This can be prevented forthe most part by carefully cutting up the bird's food preventing such parts asribs sticking out from vertebrae from catching in the throat. COLLISION
Birds frequently collide with other objects such as a rock, tree, window, orcar. Collisions are typically head on, and so head trauma must be considered.Collisions may also involve the keel. Birds are often knocked unconscious in acollision. They should be carefully picked up making sure not to move theirposition too much in case there is a fracture. Transporting a bird on a towelwill help support her. Immediate concern is head trauma and veterinarians willtreat with Metacam (meloxicam). CONVULSIONS
Place in a quiet, padded box. Can be caused by poisoning, nutritionaldeficiency, epilepsy, or infectious disease (bacterial, fungal, viral, orparasitic). If this is apoplexy, give bird Pedialyte, Gatorade, or a sugar-saltwater solution to replace electrolytes. CROP BURNS
If you realize in time, flush the crop with cold water. If crop appears swollenand discolored (many days after) apply vitamin A and D ointment and feed smallmeals. CROP EMPTYING PROBLEMS
A few drops of Maalox or Digel, or a few drops of mineral oil (orally) andmassage crop. CROP TEAR
You will notice a drop of blood on the bird's feathers in some cases. Othertimes a bite of food will literally fall out of the bird's crop and onto theground. Suturing is very difficult with this thin skin, however some tears arecleaned up and treated with tissue glue. Many times a small tear will just healon its own given rest and small meals.
Feed the bird small quantities of food at a time to prevent future tearing. Acourse of antibiotics should be given. DIARRHEA
Feed a few drops of Pepto Bismol. EGG BINDING
Put bird in steamy room (like bathroom with shower on) 85°-90° Fahrenheit,humidity 60%. Set bird on wet toweling. Give high calorie, high calcium food.Can also try coating finger in clean vegetable oil or mineral oil and reachinginto the cloaca until your fingertip touches the egg. Rolling your oiled fingeraround against the egg and slowly pulling your finger out sometimes lubricatesthe cloaca and egg sufficiently and pulls the egg out as you withdraw yourfinger. ELECTROCUTION
Keep bird confined and warm. Avoid giving any fluids. Immediately seekveterinary assistance for diuretics (Lasix (furosemide) or Azium (dexamethasone)dosed appropriately for raptors). EYE PROBLEMS
Keep bird away from intense light. Flush eye with clean water using cotton ballor syringe.
OBJECT IN EYE: float it out with KY Jelly or Ophthalmic ointment. Do not try toremove it mechanically as it could scratch the eye. FOOD FOR SICK BIRDS
Mix one pint of water, one pint of Gatorade, 1 teaspoon of honey or Karo syrup,1 level teaspoon of baking soda, 1 level teaspoon table salt. Caution: Measurewith care; inaccurate measurements can cause severe diarrhea. HEATSTROKE
Spray feathers with cool water. Put feet in cool water. Place in cool, darkroom. Watch bird for shock. Wrap loosely in towel to prevent chill. HYDRATION FOR SICK BIRDS
Pedialyte, Gatorade, orange or cherry juice offered orally. Gavage (tube) onlyif you know what you are doing. Lactated Ringers subcutaneous if you know howto administer. OIL CONTAMINATION OF FEATHERS
Dust bird with cornstarch or flour (keep away from eyes and nose). An easy wayto do this is to fill a pillowcase with flour, cut a hole for the head, stickit through, gently shake it. Then fill sink with 3 or 4 inches of warm waterand mild detergent (like Dawn) or Goo Gone. Work soap in directions of feathergrowth and rinse (sink spray attachment is helpful). Dry and keep bird warm.Wait until next day to repeat (if necessary). This works for cleaning tar, oil,mutes and nearly anything that is caked on the feathers weighing down a bird,preventing normal movement, and preventing her from regulating her temperatureproperly. While OxyClean can be used on moulted feathers to clean them or onthe tips of feathers, I have not heard of anyone using it on a raptor's bodydirectly and it may cause damage to their sensitive skin. POISON
Call vet and follow directions. If vet is not accessible:
If by acid, alkalis, or petroleum product: make it swallow milk, mixed withPepto Bismol or Kaopectate (1cc/100 grams body weight), eggwhite, or olive oil.DO NOT MAKE BIRD VOMIT!
If by other: induce vomiting. Use mustard and water solution and put at theback of the throat. If known, call poison control center: 1-800-548-2423 - $30 per case
Or 1-900-680-0000 - $20 first 5 minutes, plus $2.95 per additional minute
Note: mushrooms, crayons, some fruit pits, nicotine, chocolate, and foilmay be bird poisons. PUNCTURES
This depends on what the source of the puncture is. In general, cleaning itwith an antibiotic soap, treating it immediately with Nolvasan or Neosporin andgetting her to a vet as soon as possible is the best course of action.Punctures can go deeper than you think, can have extensive internal damage, andcan heal from the outside in, all of which are problematic to her health. Manypunctures will become infected, and if Pasteurella septicemia is developed,this can mean death in as little as 24 hours. SHOCK
Symptoms are fluffed feathers, not moving, rapid shallow breathing, head may beturned with eyes partly closed.
Place bird in warm (86°-90° F), secluded, dimly lit environment. If accompaniedby life threatening injuries, treat injuries immediately. If head trauma issuspected, it may be better to keep the bird cooler to prevent brain damage. SICK BIRD
Place in small darkened enclosure, keep warm. Offer favorite foods andPedialyte or Gatorade. Call vet. SPRANG WING
Keep the bird in a dark, stress-free area to allow her to rest. STINGS
Bee stings are not uncommon as yellow jackets are attracted to the smell ofmeat. The largest danger is a sting in the throat as the bird could havetrouble breathing. Keep the bird away from bees, and if she is stungexternally, a paste of baking soda and water will help draw the venom out. SWALLOWING STRANGE OBJECTS (Foreignbody ingestion)
Observe bird and keep them quiet. Try to locate object to see if in fact theyswallowed it. Palpate crop area carefully. Call Vet for advice VOMITING
Treat with a few drops of Pepto Bismol.

568489343

wq小子

看着这一堆鸟语就蒙圈，翻译一下啊

勇敢的★

天书

和尚~用飘柔

ylwq

学习了 头一次见

as1135

what?           

心法一如

麦田里的草民

没有文化 晕了

麦田里的草民

我的竟然自动翻译了

w807852427

还好，英语过了六级，不过说实话，还是看不懂

刺穿的胸膛

没得用，只能找翻译软件了

气质迷倒众小女

专八 都不一定看得懂 设计到专业术语了

suqingsong

这位大侠！我知道您的英语过15级了！你这是在占论坛空间还是在跟大家说你懂得英语啊？如果您要是真的懂得英语！那么请您大爷好人做到底给大家翻译下！让大家伙都很容易看得明白行不？在此非常感谢！

feizuo