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Modern Captive Breeding - Part II by Peter Gill 现代人工繁育 二
In the first article of this series of four, I covered commitment, planning, choice of breeding stock, housing and nutrition. In this article we will look at breeding methods. 第一篇文章中，我提及了任务 计划 种群选择 鹰舍 以及营养。 在接下来的文章中 我们会讲抚育方法。 INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS There are two primary methods of' achieving fertile eggs from a female raptor within captivity. These are: 有2种主要的方法来获得雌性猛禽的受精蛋
NATURAL BREEDING A male and female bird are placed together in the breeding chamber. Copulation takes place between the two birds and fertile eggs are laid. 第一种 ： 自然交配 将一对隼共同放在交配室。它们会交尾然后产下受精蛋
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION 第二种 ： 人工授精
Semen is inseminated into the female. This can be either: Voluntatry, If she is an imprinted bird who stands and presents herself for voluntary copulation toward her human mate.
Involuntary, in the case of' females who fail to copulate with their intended mate in a natural pair breeding project, or an imprinted female which refuses to stand for voluntary copulation with a human mate.
精子被注入到雌隼体内。 这会分两种 情况 A : 自愿的 如果雌隼是由人工铭印的 并且能够很好的配合，完成由饲主主导的交配。 B : 非自愿的 在这种情况下, 雌隼拒绝自然配偶或者 一个铭记的个体但是拒绝由饲主主导的交配.
For anyone considering beginning a breeding project, a decision has to be taken on what approach to take. Generally speaking, this will depend on the amount of time and resource you are able to put into the project. 1f' you have limited time then a natural breeding project might well be your choice. The main advantages are that far less time is needed in terms of observation and interaction with the birds. The disadvantage is that fewer birds are likely to be produced and you will have far less opportunity to produce specific types of bird, and in the case of' specific hybrids use of' Al is the norm. Of course for many aspiring raptor breeders this will not be an issue, as they will be aiming simple to produce enough birds to meet their own falconry needs, and perhaps, also those of a friend or two. On the other hand it' you are aiming for a commercial operation, or to selectively breed e.g. different hybrids from the same female, then you will almost certainly want to acquire the skills needed to collect semen from male raptors and inseminate the female. 无论是谁，如果想要开始一项猛禽繁育项目，那他就必须决定采用哪种方式。 大体来说， 这主要取决于你的能够投入的时间和资金。 如果你的资金以及时间有限，那么圈养自然交配将是理想的选择。 这个方法最大的优点就是极大的节省你的时间，因为你不需要过多的观察以及和隼互动。 不足之处在于成功率以及产量低。并且很难获得杂交隼。 因为杂交隼的获得通常靠人工授精。 当然 ，对于大部分的猛禽繁育者来说， 这并不是什么大问题，因为他们的目的就是单纯的要获取足够数量的幼体来满足他们自身放猎的需求，也许，也会送朋友1，2 只。 另一方面，如果你是为了商业目的 或者 从同一个雌隼后代中选育杂交隼，那么你肯定需要获得收集雄性隼精子的技术，用来使雌隼人工授精。
NATURAL BREEDING 自然交配
By far the most popular method of' captive breeding in the UK is placing a pair of birds in a suitable breeding chamber and hoping that nature takes its course. To the tyro breeder the initial act of releasing two birds into a chamber is generally quite daunting, as fear of aggression and fighting is generally in the forefront of their mind. The truth is that this rarely occurs if the birds have been reared correctly in the first place.
目前为止，在英国最为流行的人工繁育方式就是把一对隼放在交配房舍中然后让自然决定一切。对于新手繁育者来说，把一对隼释放到交配室的这一初始步骤会让他们胆怯不已，因为他们脑海中预想2个隼会互相侵略和打斗。然而事实却是 只要隼最初被正确的共同抚养 这种打斗的情况很少会发生
In the case of falcons, buzzards and eagles a few threat displays and some mild harassment may occur, but this should sub-side over a short period of time. In the case of accipiters however, they should be kept in adjoining pens with a window between them and only allowed together once both birds show full breeding display. It always amazes me why this double pen system is accepted for goshawk breeding, but is used less often for sparrowhawks, especially when you hear how many muskets are killed by their intended female partner.
这种情况对于隼科 鹫科 以及雕科 ，很少会体现出威胁行为。除非是一些烦躁的野生个体。但是这种威胁的行为也会在一段时间后趋于平缓。 然而在雀鹰属（例如苍鹰）中 2只鹰应该分别被放在2个连接的围栏中 中间隔着窗户（可以互相看见，但无法触碰）。 只有在2个鹰都展现出想要交配的发情迹象时，才让它们合房。 有种情况让我 很是吃惊 那就是为什么这种隔开窗口的双围栏方式对于苍鹰交配可以但是对于雀鹰交配却行不通，特别是在你听说有那么多的细胸被作为配偶的鹞子吃掉之后
Best time to pair up 配对的最好时机
We are often asked to advise on the best time to pair birds up. Our approach at Falcon Mews is, if possible, to put birds together in the early autumn. This allows time for them to settle into their accommodation and become used to the daily sights and sounds of their new environment. Stress, or rather lack of it, is crucial to successful raptor propagation whatever approach is used. So the more time to settle in the better is the general rule. Of course there are many falconers who want to fly their birds and then breed from them in the non - hunting season. The question then is how long can the hunting season go on before pairing up. We have currently bred from Harris hawks and peregrines paired up in late January, but rule of thumb is that the earlier you can put the pair together the better the chances.
我经常被问及如何选择配对的最佳时间，我们的关于隼科的方法是尽可能的在早秋就让2只隼在一起。 这会使得2只隼有充足的时间定居并且熟悉新环境的背景 声音。 无论采用什么方法 能否消除隼的压迫感 都是成功繁育的决定性因素。因此最好尽可能多的让隼住在一起。 当然有一些鹰猎爱好者想在秋天放猎然后在非猎季进行繁殖。这个问题主要就是猎季持续多久在配对之前。 我们最近繁育了哈里斯鹰和游隼，二者都是在一月才配对的。 但是越早配对 成功的机会就越大
Birds put together late in the season who do not breed can be tried earlier. Once a successful pattern has been established it can usually be followed with success every year. Bearing in mind the importance of the stress factor, it is probably true to say the species which are naturally tamer such as Harris hawks can be paired up later, though there are always wide variations amongst individual birds. Another factor to take into account is that there is variation in the breeding season between different species. For example lugger falcons often lay in February whilst merlins lay in late April or early May.
对于当季放在一起晚了而没有繁殖的隼，来年可以试一试早点放在一起。 一旦这对隼成功的繁殖，那么通常情况下，在接下来的每年繁殖季节 它们都可以成功交配繁殖。生育和压迫感的因素紧密联系，可以这么说，有些自然驯化的品种例如哈里斯（个人理解：因为哈里斯在英国无野外分布 所以全部是驯化个体） 可以晚点配对。 尽管个体之间会存在一些差异，另外的因素是种类间繁育的不同时间，例如 大草原隼在2月下蛋，而灰背隼在四月末或者五月初下蛋。
We always place pairs into a breeding chamber or pen at the same time. It is not a good idea to place a male into a chamber where the female has been resident for any length of time as she may show territorial aggression toward him. All birds should be approaching or at top weight when paired up.
我们总是把成对的隼同时放进繁育室或者繁育栅栏，如果把雌鸟先于雄鸟放进繁育室是不明智的，因为雌隼可能会表现出地盘侵略性。所有的隼类都应该在满膘时配对
Compatibility and natural attraction. 兼容性 以及自然吸引力
The question of compatibility between paired raptors has often been debated. One school of thought is that, if both birds reach a high enough breeding condition, then they will procreate. However, if they are not at ease with their mate, the stress level and hormonal imbalance which associates itself with stress, will suppress the hormones which are required to bring the bird into breeding condition. There is also the question of natural attraction. Forecasting this is extremely difficult if not impossible and placing two birds into a breeding chamber is a bit like a blind date, sometimes they work and sometimes they don't. Natural attraction in raptors definitely exists, and this is recognised by some of the world's leading breeders of gyrs and peregrines, who have pioneered a very successful method of pair selection for large falcons. This involves placing several unrelated pairs of eyass falcons in one large pen together. A single nest ledge is put in the pen and the birds are observed closely over the first eighteen months of life. As soon as a pair takes over the ledge territory, and defends it against the other inhabitants, the other birds are removed from the pen. Thus, the pair have had the choice and chosen their mate.
关于配对隼之间的兼容性的问题经常被拿来讨论。一方的观点认为： 如果2个隼都达到了合适的繁育条件，那么它们就会繁育。然而， 如果它们配偶间彼此相处不好，那么，就会出现压迫感和荷尔蒙失调的问题。而只有正常的荷尔蒙才能使隼到达合适的繁育条件。这也就提出了关于自然吸引力的问题（个人理解为 隼对于人类的给它们安排的“包办婚姻“不买账）.预测这种情况的发生即使不是不可能也是极难办到的. 而把2个隼放在一起就像一个盲目的约会,有时双方有觉,有时没感觉. 自然吸引力的问题在猛禽中绝对存在.,并且在世界领先的繁育者在繁育矛隼和游隼的过程中加以证实. 他们成为了成功寻找到选择大隼成功配对的先锋探路者. 这关于把几只无血缘关系的雏隼放在一个大笼舍中. 并且只在笼子中放置一个隼巢. 然后在接下来的18个月中密切关注这些雏隼. 一旦其中的一对占据了隼巢,栖架. 并且驱赶抵御其他的栖息者,那么这时应该移走其他隼,这样,这对隼自主地选择了配偶.
Observation of breeding behaviour in natural pairs. 对于自然配对的隼的繁殖行为观察
Close observation is required to assess what breeding behaviour is taking place. This should begin in January or February at the latest. You should undertake some research before beginning observation to check what behaviour should be occurring if all is well. There are now numerous articles and papers written on a multitude of breeding successes with different species. Unfortunately, if you read accounts written on a particular species bred in captivity it is easy to fall into the trap of expecting your birds to be doing exactly the same. It should be remembered that all birds are individuals and although a species will follow similar breeding patterns there are variations. For example one pair of peregrines we breed from are very vocal when copulating, whereas another pair we have, don't make a sound. Some male Harris hawks are ardent nest builders and others never pick a stick up, but yet both can be equally productive in the eyass production stakes.
要密切关注隼呈现出的繁殖行为。最晚会出现在一月和二月。你应该事先有所了解 什么样的行为属于正常的。现在有许多文献资料是关于各种种类猛禽的多种繁殖成功的方法。然而不幸的是，如果你阅读了大量的关于某种特定的猛禽人工繁育技术类的资料，你会想当然的认为你可以重复照搬别人的成功的例子。 你要牢记所有的隼都是存在个体差异的，也许某种在繁殖上同其他的种类十分相近。 例如， 一对我们饲养的游隼在交配时十分喜欢鸣叫，然而我们饲养的另外一对游隼却很少出声。 某些雄性哈里斯鹰是造巢穴的高手，然而某些个体却连个树枝都不会往巢上搭。 但是二者在繁育数量上都会差不多。
Period of time from start of courtship to egg laying. 从求偶到产卵的时间段
The period of time from when the first sign of courtship begins through to egg laying will vary enormously, not only between species but between individuals within a species. First time breeders usually start their courtship slightly later than experienced pairs but in subsequent seasons they will start earlier and for a longer period. 从开始求偶到下蛋的这段时间的长度会非常的不同。不仅仅是种间的差距 还有种内不同个体之间的差距。初次繁育的亲隼经常会晚点求偶，如果对比有繁殖经验的亲隼来说。但是接下来的繁殖季节它们就会提前一些。
Age at which different species breed. 不同种类猛禽的繁殖年龄
It is generally considered that parental stock bred in captivity, regularly breed at younger ages than their original wild taken ancestors. A few examples of this are golden eagles breeding at three years of age, prairie falcons at one and Gyrs as young as two. The general view on this is that if the right conditions are created, stress levels can be lower in captive-bred birds and nutritional intake higher. This phenomenon has occurred in the captive breeding of many other species of birds such as psittaciformes. 大体上认为，人工抚育长大的雏隼会比野外捕获的能更早的性成熟。一些这样的例子，比如金雕3年可以繁殖，草原隼1年后可以繁殖。 而矛隼2年可以繁殖。大体观点关于猛禽的繁育年龄是 如果场地条件合适， 人工繁育长大的雏鸟压迫感更低，并且营养跟得上。 这种情况在许多人工抚育的种类身上都得到了验证。
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION 人工授精
Semen Collection. 精子的采集
The two methods of obtaining semen are by manually stripping a male or by an imprinted male copulating on a human voluntarily. 获取精子一共分2种方式。 第一种是手工的挤出精子 或者让一个印痕的雄性隼自愿的在人身上交配射精。
With regard to the technique needed to strip a male raptor, there are written descriptions, but you should certainly aim to see it done by an experienced breeder. The quantity of semen given will vary not only from different birds, but also between each stripping session from the same bird. Although the stress involved in being caught up and manually handled is kept to a minimum, most males will only stay in breeding condition if stripped every couple of days or so. 对于手工取精技术，前文提及的 ，你应该明确地看到有经验的繁殖者完成。 获得的精子的量会有所不同，不仅取决于不同的隼 ，而且也取决于同一只鸟的不同取精时期阶段。尽管由于捕捉和手工采精而产生压迫感会尽力降到最小。可是大部分的隼也只能没2天采一次。
For an imprinted male who voluntarily copulates with its human mate there is no stress involved. Our voluntary males donate semen at least twice daily for up to two months. To give you an example of what one of these males is capable of, during the past breeding season, a three-year-old white jerkin that voluntarily produced semen for the first time this year, managed to fertilise forty-five eggs for us. This is by no means a record, but when you realise that up to forty percent of his semen was not used, it gives you a good idea of what a good voluntary donating male is capable of. 对于一个印痕的雄隼来说和人类给出的模型交配没有压迫感。 我们的这种雄隼可以每天捐2次精子 持续2个月。 给你举个例子来说明这样的雄隼的能力。在上一个繁殖季节，一个3岁大的白隼第一次自愿的配合人类贡献出精子， 就帮助我们使45枚蛋受精了。 这个记录没什么特别含义，但是当你意识到它的40%的精子是没用的。 你就会意识到一个能够自愿捐献出精子的雄隼的珍贵。
We do not have space here to go into any depth on the techniques used to produce a male voluntary donor, but in very basic terms it involves interaction with the imprint male on a daily basis to establish a strong bond between human and bird. The human "partner" mimics breeding behaviour of a female of the same species of the male. Typically this involves the human partner copying as far as possible the breeding display behaviour of the female by making bobbing movements of the upper body and or hand, and by making noises which simulate the breeding call of the female. This has to continue until the bird reaches sexual maturity and maintained for as long as semen is needed from that particular bird. 我们没有足够的空间来进一步深入研究应用在饲养自愿捐精子的雄隼的这种技术，但是基本上这主要涉及和印痕雄隼的互动，日积月累的建立人和隼的一种很强的信任纽带。 人类“伴侣” 模仿雌性隼在发情时的行为来让雄隼看。 典型的是， 人们尽可能的模仿雌隼的繁殖时的动作，如上体或者手的点动，制造发情雌隼的叫声。这不得不一直持续，直到隼达到了性成熟的季节， 根据需要这个隼捐献时间的长短来维持这种行为。
When the breeding season arrives, the males are encouraged to copulate and deposit semen onto a hat, glove or pad of a suitable size and shape to suit the male. This is designed and made of a suitable material to ensure collection of all or most of the seuieu deposited. You will find that the quality of semen produced by different males varies enormously. Some males produce excellent for many years, but variations are possible even in the best producers. Most breeders, to assess quality, use microscopic examination of semen. 当繁殖季节到来的时候， 要鼓励雄隼交配 射精在一个帽子 手套 或者尺寸大小合适的垫子上.材质和形状要保证能够确保可以采集大部分的精液。 你会发现 不同雄隼排出的精子质量上有很大差异。 一些雄隼可以很多年一直产出高品质的精子，但是即使是最好的雄隼也会变化，大部分的繁殖者用显微镜检测精子的质量。
在繁育项目中要有一些后备的隼，这点十分重要。 依靠精子的采集。 但是 如果你有好几只雌隼 但是只有一只雄隼产生精子，那么你就要冒很大的风险 因为你只能试一只隼的精子而无法保证受精率。解决的办法就是或者储备一组雄隼 或者与别人合作 互通有无。这件事很重要 并且有的雄隼在繁殖季节的某些时候产精量很低。 这通常发生在繁殖季节开始的时候。 ，比起有2，3只雌隼快要下蛋了 而你却没有精子用来授精， 没有什么别的情况能让你更抓狂了。
Voluntary A.I. with imprinted female raptors. 铭印的雌隼的自愿的人工授精
The use of voluntary Al with imprinted female raptors has grown enormously in recent years. Although its use has mainly been with falcons and to a lesser degree golden eagles, some success with accipiters is now being achieved, particularly with goshawks. Apart from being the most stress free (for human and bird) approach, voluntary AI can be a highly productive method of propagation. To achieve this desirable state of affairs, the breeder must be prepared to put in a substantial amount of time with the female imprinted raptor from an early stage in the bird's development. 最近几年使用铭印的雌隼来人工授精的方法被广泛使用。 尽管这一方法主要用在隼科以及少数种类的雕身上，但是最近一些雀鹰属的猛禽也用这一方法取得了繁殖成功，特别是苍鹰。 抛开消除大部分压迫感不谈，人工授精还是一项高产的繁殖方法。 为了达到这一目的， 繁育者必须准备好投放大量的时间来与雌隼亲近，当然这要从雌隼小时候就开始铭印。
This is necessary to give the best possible chance of establishing the strong pair bond between human and bird required to make voluntary insemination possible. Generally speaking the earlier the process of imprinting begins the better. We like to start with our female imprinted falcons from ten days of age and daily interaction with the `human partner' continues from that point. To be successful, the human must have fully or very largely assumed the role of the male bird. The technique used to produce an imprinted female who will stand for voluntary insemination is similar in many ways to that used to produce a male semen donor. Again pressures of space do not allow me to go into any greater depth on the techniques used. In general terms the whole process can be divided into three stages - the first stage is the initial hand rearing and imprinting. 如果要确保自愿的授精成功，那么建立好人与隼之间强有力的纽带是非常必要的。 大体说来， 越早铭印越好。 我们喜欢再雌隼出生10天后开始印痕，然后每天用“人类伙伴”与它互动。 为了成功， 人们必须完全扮演雄隼的角色。 印痕自愿授精雌鸟的技术与印痕雄鸟自愿射精的技术相差无几。 由于场地原因 我们无法进一步深入的研究这一技术。 大体上，整个过程可以分为3个时期 第一时期是手养和印痕
The second stage is from fledging through to the birds first breeding season. Many breeders find that flying the bird for falconry is a very productive procedure, as the bird is handled daily and the close bond between falconer and bird that is established is the perfect catalyst for this type of breeding. The other approach is to keep the female imprint in a pen and visit her several times daily to reinforce the bond and ensure that no fear response toward its human mate is allowed to occur. 第二个时期是从雏鸟期到第一个繁殖季节。 许多繁育者发现 放猎是很好的方法来建立人和隼之间的信任纽带。 因为隼每天都和人相处，合作。 还有一个方法是把雌隼养在一个围栏内 并且每天数次探视它，为的是确保它不会害怕它的人类伙伴
The third stage is the breeding season itself. In the majority of cases the female will lead you through the whole process and start soliciting copulation as you enter the breeding chamber. It is not unusual for the female to start soliciting for the first time, after laying one or two eggs during her first egg-laying season。 第三个时期是 繁殖季节本身。 在大多数情况下，当你进入到繁殖房舍时，你的雌隼会主动诱使你来完成交配，。 在雌隼第一个下蛋的季节，如果它下过1，2个蛋之后，那么雌隼主动要交配是很正常的。
It should be noted that if either of the first two stages are not fulfilled, then the last stage will not occur. When you have reached the point where the female will allow you to place your hand on her back while she presents herself for copulation then you can feel confident that the imprinting process has been effective enough to make voluntary AI a success.
When things go well it is possible to produce many fertile eggs from the same female. It is not unusual to be able to produce ten or more eggs from one female falcon and to achieve 100 percent fertility.
Voluntary AI is generally only achieved with `human imprinted' individuals. However raptor breeders know of many exceptions to this rule. For example, a few raptors, which have come into falconry from the wild, as adults, have been known to exhibit exactly the same behaviour towards the falconer as captive bred imprints. This leads us to ask m questions as to how much we really know about the psychological side of imprinting. There are several theories but that will have to wait for a later article.
Involuntary AI Involuntary AI is an approach normally used when the other two methods are not going right for reason. It might be that you have a pair intended for natural breeding but over several years, although eggs have been produced none have been fertile. In this case involuntary insemination of the female can transform a totally unsuccessful I project into a very successful one. The other situation where involuntary AI is used is where a female imprint intended for voluntary insemination, refuses to stand correctly. In this case the use of involuntary AI can produce success rates almost as high as that achieved by the voluntary imprint. Skill in carrying out involuntary insemination is something, which takes some time to acquire and master, and even then some people will always be better than others. It is essential that you see it done by an experienced practitioner before attempting it. It is also true to say that the more inseminations you do the better you are likely to become. Views on precisely the right technique vary even amongst the most experienced breeders, but most manage to achieve a high level of fertilisation. Timing is a crucial factor as it is preferable to inseminate the female within two hours of her laying, so constant observation is required.
When things go well it is possible to produce many fertile eggs from the same female. It is not unusual to be able to produce ten or more eggs from one female falcon and to achieve 100 percent fertility. SUMMARY Like most situations, careful planning of the approach to adopt is the most sensible policy, and will save disappointment in the long run. Natural breeding is a good option for many people, particularly if time is limited and expectations in terms of numbers are modest. If you are lucky and find a good pair they will produce one or more clutches for you, year in and out, and also incubate and rear the young with no problems. treasure indeed ! Voluntary AI has much to recommend it in terms of productivity, and control over the kinds of birds produced. At the same time the co-operative and interactive aspects bring the breeder and raptor very close together and this is rewarding in itself. It is of course very time intensive; both in terms of the number of visits required each day and the daily routine. For this reason it tends to suit the smaller breeder who has time to spend with each individual bird each day. On the other hand many of the larger breeders have shied away from keeping a large number of imprinted females because of the work involved. Generally speaking involuntary AI is an approach, which is used when the other two have failed. Skills in its use are valuable to both breeders operating natural breeding projects and those working with imprints. However the skills needed are not acquired easily and for the small breeder inexperienced in its use, obtaining some expert advice and help is essential. In the next issue, we will cover various aspects of incubation.
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发表于 2013-7-29 22:06:49
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发表于 2013-8-2 19:38:37
